If the availability of sun is limited one membrane unit coupled with a standalone biogas unit can be considered. In case the existence of livestock is limited, three membrane distillation units coupled with 85 m 2 of evacuated tube collectors can cover the demand. However, depending on the specific location, the availability of solar radiation and manure can vary, and consequently the best option will change.
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The results show that the best techno-economic option to be installed is a hybrid model that includes a combined heat and power unit powered by biogas and evacuated tube collectors, as can meet the demand with one membrane distillation unit and also supplies electricity and biogas for cooking. Investment costs and operation and management costs were considered to calculate total costs and payback period of the different installations. Several indicators were calculated to compare the different technologies: specific energy demand, water production, and efficiency of the systems. The size of the hypothetical installations was optimized to cover the demand of 30 households. This report evaluates techno-economically different technologies using TRNSYS: flat plate solar collectors, evacuated tube solar collectors and biogas from animal dung, as heat source for the membrane distillation unit. Renewable energy sources such as geothermal, solar or biomass can be used to provide that heat. Membrane distillation is a heat driven system that works under feed water temperatures below 100 ✬. Membrane distillation systems have been extensively tested in literature, proving to be effective in removing fluoride, even at higher concentration levels (500 mg/l). Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all) from the United Nations. Providing population with safe and clean water could help to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 6 (i.e. These excessive levels are affecting more than 14 million women and children in Ethiopia. Due to the volcanic nature of rocks in the Ethiopian Rift Valley, groundwater is contaminated with fluoride, and studies have even recorded levels up to 26 mg/l. “A TRNSYS Model Library for Solar Thermal Electric Components (STEC),” A Reference Manual, Release 1.0, IEA-Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems, Task III: Solar Technologies and Applications.1 Renewables-driven membrane distillation for drinking water purification: Main Ethiopian Rift Valley case study Andrea Gabaldón Moreno Master of Science Thesis KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management Energy Technology EGI-2018-MJ232X VT18-1 Division of Heat and Power Technology SE STOCKHOLMĢ Master of Science Thesis EGI 2018: MJ232X VT18-1 Renewables-driven membrane distillation for drinking water purification: Main Ethiopian Rift Valley case study Andrea Gabaldón Moreno Approved Examiner Andrew Martin Commissioner Supervisor Imtisal-e Noor Contact person ABSTRACT Fluoride is present in all type of water sources, but levels beyond the current World Health Organization guideline of 1.5 mg/l can be very harmful for people s health. Solar Energy Laboratory, 2000, “TRNSYS, A Transient Simulation Program,” University of Wisconsin, Madison. “A TRNSYS Model Library for Solar Thermal Electric Components (STEC)”. ASME International Solar Energy Conference, Denver. “Performance Analysis of Thermocline Energy Storage Proposed for the 1 MW Saguaro Solar Trough Plant, in Proc”. ASME International Solar Energy Conference Solar Forum, Washington DC, paper 01.3, 2004, pp. “TRNSYS Modelling of the SEGS VI Parabolic Troug Solar Electric Generating System, in Proc”. Nayak, “Solar Energy, Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage”, 3rd ed., Tata McGraw Hill, Ed.